Sodium hypochlorite 12% is a concentrated, industrial-strength bleach solution used primarily as a powerful disinfectant, bleaching agent, and oxidizer. It is significantly stronger than household bleach, which typically contains 3–8% sodium hypochlorite.
Common uses
- Water treatment: A 12% solution is commonly used in waterworks for the chlorination and sterilization of drinking water, wastewater, and irrigation systems. It is effective for controlling algae and bacteria growth.
- Swimming pools and aquatics: It is used to sanitize swimming pool water, destroy bacteria, and prevent algae.
- Industrial sanitation: Its high concentration makes it suitable for industrial disinfection in food and beverage processing plants, dairy farms, and cooling towers.
- Bleaching: It is a strong bleaching agent for textiles, paper, and other materials.
- Odor control: Due to its powerful oxidizing properties, it is effective at destroying organic matter and eliminating foul odors.
Physical and chemical properties
- Appearance: A clear, greenish-yellow liquid.
- Odor: A strong, distinct chlorine smell.
- pH: Highly alkaline, with a pH of around 12–13.
- Corrosive nature: It is a highly corrosive and reactive oxidizer.
- Decomposition: The solution is unstable and decomposes over time, with the rate increasing with higher temperatures, sunlight exposure, and the presence of metal impurities.
Important safety precautions
- Industrial use only: Due to its high concentration, 12% sodium hypochlorite is not intended for household use and should be handled with extreme care.
- Do not mix with acids: Mixing sodium hypochlorite with acids can produce toxic chlorine gas.
- Wear personal protective equipment (PPE): Always use gloves, goggles, and other appropriate protective gear when handling to avoid contact with skin and eyes.
- Ensure ventilation: Work only in well-ventilated areas to avoid breathing in vapors.
- Proper storage: Store the chemical in a cool, dark, and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and heat, to maximize its shelf life and prevent decomposition.

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